Human diseases caused by fungi, with key clues, diagnostics and management drawn from official guidance. Always check against local policy and susceptibility data.
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis Aspergillus fumigatus complex
Angioinvasive mould infection of the lung in profoundly immunosuppressed hosts; also complicates severe influenza and COVID-19 in ICU.
Open record → Respiratory
COVID-19 / influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis Aspergillus spp.
Aspergillus superinfection in ventilated patients with severe viral pneumonia; suspect when oxygenation worsens without another explanation.
Open record → Respiratory
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis Aspergillus fumigatus
Slowly progressive cavitary lung disease in non-immunocompromised hosts, most often after tuberculosis — a major post-TB burden in India and Asia.
Open record → Respiratory
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) Aspergillus fumigatus (hypersensitivity)
Hypersensitivity lung disease complicating asthma and cystic fibrosis, with mucus plugging and bronchiectasis.
Open record → Candidaemia and invasive candidiasis Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida spp.
Leading healthcare-associated invasive fungal infection; catheters, ICU exposure and abdominal surgery drive risk.
Open record → Candida auris colonisation and infection Candidozyma (Candida) auris
Multidrug-resistant yeast causing hospital outbreaks; persists on surfaces and skin and requires contact precautions plus environmental control.
Open record → Rhino-orbito-cerebral WHO High
Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis Rhizopus, Mucor, Lichtheimia spp.
Rapidly angioinvasive mould infection; uncontrolled diabetes and corticosteroid exposure are the dominant risk factors in India.
Open record → Central nervous system WHO Critical
Cryptococcal meningitis Cryptococcus neoformans
Leading cause of adult meningitis in advanced HIV; raised intracranial pressure drives early mortality.
Open record → Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) Pneumocystis jirovecii
Subacute hypoxaemic pneumonia in HIV and non-HIV immunosuppressed hosts; exertional desaturation is characteristic.
Open record → Disseminated / endemic WHO High
Disseminated histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum
Endemic dimorphic fungal infection, including the Gangetic plain of India; presents as fever, wasting and organomegaly in HIV.
Open record → Disseminated / endemic WHO High
Talaromycosis (Penicilliosis) Talaromyces marneffei
Endemic to South and Southeast Asia including north-east India; presents with fever, anaemia and umbilicated skin papules in advanced HIV.
Open record → Skin, hair & nails WHO Medium
Eumycetoma Madurella mycetomatis and other fungi
WHO-recognised neglected tropical disease: chronic subcutaneous swelling with sinuses discharging grains, usually of the foot.
Open record → Skin, hair & nails
Sporotrichosis Sporothrix schenckii complex
Subacute lymphocutaneous infection after plant or soil inoculation; zoonotic transmission from cats in some regions.
Open record → Skin, hair & nails
Recalcitrant dermatophytosis (tinea) Trichophyton indotineae, T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes
Epidemic terbinafine-resistant tinea across India and now globally, driven by irrational topical steroid-antifungal combinations.
Open record → Mucosal
Oropharyngeal and oesophageal candidiasis Candida albicans
Common mucosal infection in HIV, inhaled-steroid users and denture wearers; oesophageal disease is an AIDS-defining illness.
Open record → Mucosal
Vulvovaginal candidiasis Candida albicans and glabrata
Very common mucosal infection; recurrent disease needs species identification and a maintenance plan.
Open record → Fungal keratitis Fusarium and Aspergillus spp.
Major cause of corneal blindness in tropical Asia, typically after vegetative trauma during agricultural work.
Open record → Disseminated / endemic WHO High
Invasive fusariosis Fusarium spp.
Angioinvasive mould disease in profoundly neutropenic patients with a characteristic combination of skin lesions and fungaemia.
Open record → 